LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



THE 

Astronomical Chart. 



For finding the Latitude and Longitude of any posi- 
tion, either on land or ^vater, without the aid of 
the usual transit, or the presence of any natu- 
ral luminous body. Especially adapted to 
the Western Hemisphere—Washington, 
D. C, being the Central polar line, in- 
stead of Greenwich, 
England. 



ByTHDMilS S , SPEilKMaN, C,E = , 

Member of the Academy of Natural Science, and Franklin Institute 
of Philadelphia, 



Copyitighted 1889, by Thotnas S. Speaktnan. 

(Right of translation rcserccd.) 



PRINTED BY 

hai.i.owe:i,i. & CO. 






125 South Third St., Philadelphia, Pa. "^ ^,?^^^^^^ 



51- 



LONGITUD E AND L ATITUDE. 

The following explanation (see chart A) gives a prac- 
tical illustration of my system for finding the latitude 
and longitude of any given point upon the earth's sur- 
face,both on land and water, during the sun's movement 
in his annual^ or semi-annual course, without the aid 
of the transit, as hitherto employed, for giving the 
sun's declination. 

At six o'clock in the morning, we call the begin- 
ning of a day of twenty -four hours, which ends at the 
same point, or time, at the beginning of the following 
day. 

The sun moves in his daily course around the sur- 
face of the earth, a distance of thirty-six thousand 
miles, in a period of twenty-four hours, while his 
reflected light moves over the earth's surface at a 
velocity of only one thousand miles per hour, which 
enables both the sun, and his reflected light during 
their circuit around the terrestrial sphere, in their 
daily course both in an easterly and westerly direc- 
tion, to arrive at the closing of the day at the same 
period of time, which is twenty-four hours. 

The earth's sphere, and the globe's sphere, are two 
distinct circles, the interior surface of the globe, being 
the interior circumference of the celestial globe. The 
distance between these two spheres is two thousand 



geographical miles, or thirty degrees, which is equal 
to sixty-six and two-thirds miles to a degree, and 
is occupied chiefly by atmospherical air and water. 

The distance covered by that portion of the internal 
surface of the celestial globe, which is vertical to the 
Torrid Zone, and bounded on the north by the Tropic 
of Cancer and on the south by the Tropic of Capricorn, 
is sixty degrees, or four thousand miles, which is one- 
half of the entire surface of the terrestrial globe. 
North and south of the Torrid Zone are the northern 
and southern extremities of the earth's polar line, and 
this constitutes the Temperate Zones, each of which 
is two thousand miles in width, or four thousand miles 
when combined — making a total of eight thousand 
miles including the Torrid Zones, thus occupying the 
entire surface of the terrestrial sphere. The two 
Frigid Zones, occupy the spaces lying between the ex- 
tremeties of the earth's central polar line, each for 
a distance of two thousand miles, and are chiefly com- 
posed of solid, compact ice, which hermetically seals 
the internal and external spheres together at these 
points. 

We have located the sun, to be two thousand miles 
distant in his orbit from the earth's surface, and within 
the external sphere, or upon that portion of it which lies 
vertical to the torrid zone, and moving in a screw 
like form from one tropical line to the other, during 
his daily course. Six o'clock in the morning is the be- 



ginning and ending of every succeeding day of twen- 
ty-four hours, and having established the velocity of 
the sun's reflected light in advance of his position, 
during his daily course, to be fifteen degrees, or one 
thousand miles per hour, (all intermediate times and 
distances being in the same proportion,) we are enabled 
by the use of a good chronometer, to time the dis- 
tance, or period, from six o'clock A. M. until he com- 
pletes his circuit around the earth, at the expiration 
of which time commences the beginning of a new day, 
which, as before stated, is at six o'clock m the morning, 
as faithfully recorded by our chronometer, which gives 
the velocity of the sun's reflected light around the earth 
in advance of his position, during his daily course, 
which we know to be one thousand miles per hour, 
and which can by proper calculations, be reduced to 
a minute point, as fully illustrated by our system for 
securing longitudinal degrees. For illustration we 
will commence at six o'clock A. M. as the beginning 
of each day, and at seven o'clock A. M. the sun be- 
comes vertical to 75 degrees east longitude, or one 
thousand geographical miles west of six o'clock, or 
west from the beginning of day. At eight o'clock he 
will be two thousand miles west from the beginning 
of day, or sixty degrees east longitude, and at nine 
A. M. he will be vertical to three thousand miles from 
the beginning of day, or forty- five degrees east longi- 
tude, and at ten o'clock the sun will be vertical to 



four thousand miles west from the beginning of day, 
or thirty degrees east longitude, and at eleven o'clock, 
he will be vertical to five thousand miles west from 
the beginning of day, or fifteen degrees east longi- 
tude, and at twelve o'clock, the sun becomes vertical 
to the central longitudinal or polar line, it is then 
noonday, or six thousand miles from the begin- 
ning of day and is marked on chart A, the same 
as designated when the sun is vertical to the 
equator ; and when the sun becomes vertical to one 
o'clock P. M., the sun becomes vertical to seven thou- 
sand miles west from the beginning of day, or fifteen 
degrees, or one thousand miles west longitude, and so 
on, until he becomes vertical to six o'clock in the even- 
ing, which makes 60 degrees of direct sun's rays in 
the form of a circle, on one side of the earth, while 
the remainder of the earth's surface, is in moonlight, 
or comparative darkness, and after having completed 
the same circle on the other side of the earth, the new 
day again commences at the same point and time — 
that is, 6 o'clock A. M., or 90 degrees east longitude. 
The sun in his easterly and westerly, or daily 
course, completes one hundred and eighty revolutions 
around the earth's surface, each revolution making a 
day of twenty- four hours, during his daily revolutions 
from the tropic of Capricorn to cancer, which occu- 
pies a period of six months, and the same number of 
months on his return to the tropic of Capricorn, 



7 

which completes the period of one year, of three hun- 
dred and sixty days. 

For every degree which the sun moves north, or 
south, in his semi-annual course, from the first day 
of January, it moves the same number of degrees 
from six o'clock in the morning which is also termed 
the first day of the year and which we also regard 
as the first day of January, so that for every degree 
that the sun moves north, he also moves one degree 
west from six o'clock at the commencement of the 
year, and so continues, both in his annual and daily 
course until each of his semi-annual north and south 
directions combined, has made three hundred and 
sixty days, which is the end of the old year, and the 
beginning of the new. 

All the instruments required to perform what we 
have stated, is a compass to designate the direction of 
the northern and southern poles, and a good chronom- 
eter to calculate the distance of time as illustrated 
by our accompaning astronomical charts, which enables 
the mariner, or surveyor, to find the latitude and 
longitude of any position on the earth's surface, with- 
out the presence of the sun, or any other luminous 
object, 

This system, is chiefly designed for the western 
continent, and the base longitudinal polar line is 
located at the city of Washington, D. C, instead 
of Greenwich, England, on the eastern continent, so 



that all longitudinal lines upon our astronomical charts 
lying east of that city^ are recorded as east longitude, 
and all lying west, are recorded as west longitude, 
which system, we regard as being more simple and 
correct in practice, than any other heretofore em- 
ployed for accomplishing a similar object. 

As a further explanation^ suppose a vessel to be lo- 
cated on the Atlantic Ocean, at a point, which my 
chronometer indicates as three and one-half hours, east 
of the meridian line at Washington, D. C-, when it is 
twelve o'clock : I calculate that as three o'clock is 
equal to three thousand miles, or forty-five degrees, 
and as thirty minutes is equal to seven and one-half 
degrees, the entire distance of the vessel from the meri- 
dian or polar line, must be three thousand five hun- 
dred miles, or thirty-seven and one-half degrees east 
longitude, or thirty- seven and one-half degrees north 
latitude. The same rule is practiced should a vessel 
be located at the same distance, or point, west of the 
meridian line at Washington, but suppose the ship, or 
vessel, should be recorded by our chronometer to be 
three minutes past two o'clock, we know that two 
o'clock indicates thirty degrees, and as each minute 
indicates 16 2-3 miles, three minutes would be equal 
to three times 16 2-3 miles, which would be 50 miles, 
the distance from the meridian, or polar line, thirty 
degrees and fifty miles east longitude, and the same 
in latitude, counting from the first day of January, 



during the Sun's annual course in his northern direc- 
tion. 

Before conckiding the description of our longitudi- 
nal chart, we will state, that longitudinal lines as 
usually drawn upon the circumference of globes and 
maps, and represented as being nearer together at the 
poles than at the equatorial line, are incorrect, 
as all latitudinal lines are drawn parallel to the equa- 
tor, so the longitudinal lines should be drawn parallel 
to the base longitudinal polar line, and all longitudi- 
nal and latitudinal lines should be drawn to cross each 
other at rio;ht ano-les 

Having explained our system for securing the lon- 
gitude and latitude by the daily course of the sun, and 
as longitudes and latitudes upon the earth's surface 
can be secured by two entirely different systems, we 
will now explain our system for securing the latitude, 
independent of the longitude, by the semi-annual 
courses of the sun, in his movements both north and 
south, and which does not require the aid of the sun, 
transit or chronometor: — 

Every revolution of the sun around the earth, as 
we have before explained, is equal to one of our days 
of twenty-four hours, and also equal to one-third of 
one degree, and every three revolutions are equal to 
one degree, during his semi-annual courses north an-l 
south between the tropic of Capricorn and the tropic 
of cancer, each direction occupying a period of six 



months, which combined constitutes one of our years 
of three hundred and sixty days ; and as every three 
revolutions of the sun around the earth is equal to one 
degree, so are the sixty degrees which lie between the 
tropical lines, multiplied by three equal to one hun- 
dred and eighty days, or, one-half of the 360 days 
which constitute the period of each and every year. 

We call the first day of the year the first day of 
January, and when the sun has made two revolutions 
around the earth he has advanced north two-thirds of 
a degree, which is numbered 2, and when he has 
moved to number 3, he has made three revolutions 
which constitutes one degree north from the tropic of 
Capricorn or north from the beginning of the year ; and 
when the sun has made six revolutions around the 
terrestrial sphere, he has advanced in his northwestern 
course two degrees, and so on until he has reached one 
hundred and eighty revolutions, which is equivalent 
to the same number of days ; and as the sun moves 
north from the tropic of Capricorn to the tropic of 
cancer he moves in that direction sixty degrees, which 
is equivalent to one hundred and eighty days ; so that 
any number of days north from the first day of the 
year, reduced to one -third, will be the latitude of any 
object lying between the extremities of the terrestrial 
polar line, in which case, with only the aid of the 
compass, the proper latitude of any object can be 
secured. 



The following explanation in regard to the number 
of astronomical miles contained in one second of time 
should have been inserted at the conclusion of the 
matter upon page 10 : 

It must be miderstood, that by our system of calcu- 
lation, five eighteenths of a mile is equal to one second 
of time, which, multiplied by sixty, will be equal to 
one minute, or sixteen and two-thirds astronomical 
miles, as previously explained. 



DlASRA/n A. 



Diagram A represents the position ot the sun's re- 
flected light, during every hour of the day, from six 
o'clock A M., until six o'clock P. M. At six o'clock 
A. M., is the beginning of sunlight, and six o'clock 
P, M., the termination of sunlight, and at every suc- 
ceeding hour after six P. M., represents the extent of 
sunlight as it protrudes into the dark side of the earth's 
surface, which disappears when the eastern side of the 
sun's reflected light has disappeared below the western 
horizon, moonlight, or comparative darkness, always 
succeeds it, and when the sun is vertical to the tropic 
of Capricorn, which is the beginning of a year, his 
most northern reflected rays extend north, to 
the equatorial line, and his most southern rays 
extend as far south as the southern extremity of the 
terrestrial polar line, and when the sun has become ver- 
tical to the equator his most northern reflected ray of 
sunlight reaches the Tropic of Cancer, and his most 
southern ray of sunlight, extends south to the Tiopic 
of Capricorn, as represented in diagram. 

When the sun has become vertical to the Tropic of 
Cancer, his most northern extremity of sunlight will 
be situated at the north celestial pole, and his most 
southern extremity of sunlight will extend south, on 
the line with the Equator, and which, by the northern 
and southern semi-annual movement of the sun with- 
in the tropics, produces the four seasons of the year. 



On January 1st, when the sun is vertical to the 
Tropic of Capricorn, it is mid -winter to the inhabitants 
of the Northern Pole, and when he is vertical to the 
Tropic of Cancer, it is then mid -summer there, the 
intermediate months constitute spring and fall, thus 
making the fom^ seasons of the year, which never vary 
in movement, or time, during any number of succeed- 
ing years, thus freeing our astronomical chart and its 
system of calculation from yearly variations, it being 
perpetually the same for all periods of time. 

When the sun is vertical to the Tropic of Cancer it 
is then summer for a period of six months, in the 
vicinity of the North Pole and darkness or compara- 
tive darkness in the vicinity of the Southern Pole, 
during the same period. 

Figures on Diagram A represent the different hours 
of the day, from 6 A. M., to 6 P. M., during the 
twelve hours of sunlight, and the opposite side of the 
earth's surface, is twelve hours of darkness 
which combined makes twenty-four hours, or 
one of our days. When the sun is vertical to 
the Tropic of Capricorn, on one side of the earth's 
surface his reflected moon will be vertical to the Tropic 
of Cancer, but upon the opposite side of the earth, 
and movmg both north and south , with the sun's 
movement, but in opposite direction, that is to say, 
when the sun is moving north from the Troj)ic of Cap- 
ricorn, his reflected moon is moving in a southern 
course with the same velocity as the sun's movement 
from the Tropic of Cancer 



^3 

Diagram A also represents the globe and earth's 
spheres; the external sphere is the celestial, the internal 
the terrestrial. The lines drawn north and south, are 
longitudinal lines, all of which lie parallel to the base 
polar line, which we locate at Washington, D. C, on the 
western hemisphere, and all lines lying parallel to the 
Equator, are latitudinal lines. The latitudinal and 
longitudinal lines cross each other at right angles and 
each square represented on the diagram is fifteen 
degrees or one thousand astronomical miles, or 
one hour of time, and all intermediate spaces between 
these square are calculated by minutes, each minute 
represents 161 miles, and for every minute past any 
hour, multiplied by 161 miles, gives, if added to the 
fifteen, thirty, forty-five, etc. degrees, the exact num- 
ber of degrees and miles which any object when sit- 
uated east or west, from the base polar line, which by 
our chart the mariner can locate without the aid of 
the transit, or presence of the sun, or other luminous 
object. 

We divide the earth's surface, into zones, the 
two torrids, and the two temperates — the two torrids, 
being two thousand miles each in width, and the 
northern and southern temperate zones, which are 
also two thousand miles each in width, making eight 
thousand miles which occupies the entire space of the 
earth's surface lying between the extremities ot the 
terrestrial poles The two frigids, each two thousand 
miles in width, reaches between the extremities of 
the terrestrial and celestial poles, which is chiefly 
occupied by ice, which renders them impracticable for 
ship navigation, and which forever bars the possi- 
bility of securing a northern or southern passage 



through either the frigid or polar zones, the tempera- 
ture being too cold, or dense for animal, or vegetable 
endurance We do not legard the frigid zones as form- 
ing a part of the terrestrial earth, but onh^ as connect- 
ing links of frozen ice, which hermetically seal the 
terrestrial and celestial spheres together, between the 
extremities of the terrestrial and celestial poles. Nav- 
igators who have penetrated into the north or south 
frioid zones 1 5^, or one thousand miles, north or south 
of the terrestrial sphere, have reached 75^ north or 
south latitude, which points, owing to the density and 
coldness of the atmosphere, no navigator has ever, or 
can ever, greatly exceed. 



DIAGRAM B. 



Diagram B represents the figures of the terrestrial 
and celestial spheres, and also the circle of direct sun's 
light upon the earth's surface wdien he is vertical to 
the equatorial and polar lines, one half of which, Ij^ing 
in the eastern hemisphere, and one half in the w^estern 
w^iich constitutes noonday on one side of the earth, 
and midnight upon the opposite side The space lying 
between the terrestrial and celestial spheres is chiefly 
filled with atmospheric air and w"ater,and is called the 
atmospheric section of the globe, and the lines drawn 
wdtliin this space, from the sun, when vertical to the 
equator, to the tropic of Capricorn, and the tropic of 
cancer, are designed to show the distance both north 



and south of bis position^ his direct reflected sunh'ght, 
in a northern and southern, direction, the extremities 
of which, constitutes the sun^s focus, which w^e recognize 
as the north and south polar stars, which moves both 
north and south, in harmony with the sun's movement 
and w^hich are always located thirty degrees north, 
and south of the sun's position The focus of the sun 
lying thirty degrees west, and in advance of the sun's 
position, is Venus, or the morning and evening star, 
which also keeps at a similar distance during the sun's 
revolution around the earth's surface. The same system 
prevails when the sun is vertical to the tropic of cancer, 
his most northern focus will then be at the point of 
the northern celestial pole and his southern focus will 
be on a line with the equator, and when the sun is 
vertical to the tropic of Capricorn his northern focus 
will be on a line with the equator, and his southern 
focus at the southern extremety of the celestial polar 
line. Thus it is that the sun during his northern and 
southern annual course makes daylight or darkness 
alternately at each of the poles. 



BIASRA/n G. 



Diagram C illustrates the position of the sun's re- 
flected light upon the earth's surface, when he is verti- 
cal to the Tropic of Cancer, or Capricorn, and also 
when vertical to the equatorial line, in either of which 
situations, his reflected light covers a space upon the 
earth's surface of about sixty degrees in diameter. 
At six o'clock A. M. the western portion of this cir- 
cle, of reflected sunlight commences to make its ap- 
pearance, which represents the beginning of day, and 
when the sun has become vertical to the polar base 
line his circle of reflected light will be situated one 
half in the eastern and one half in the western hemi- 
spheres And when the sun has become vertical to 
six o'clock P. M , but one half of his reflected light, 
will be visible to us, on one side of the earth's surface, 
and the other half will be visible thirtv degrees east 
from six o'clock P. M.. upon the opposite side of the 
earth from the position which the sun occupies, 
and when the sun has become vertical to the polar 
line upon the opposite side of the earth's surface to 
which the sun is occupying, it will then be noonday to 
the inhabitants upon one side of the earth, and mid- 
night to the inhabitants upon the opposite side, and 
in six hours, the sun will have reached six o'clock A. 
M , which is also the beginning of the succeeding day. 

The sun's direct reflected light upon the earth's 
surface never exceeds one -fourth at any one time, the 
remaining three fourths, is either in twilight, moon- 
light, or comparative darkness. 



L0NGlTaDINAL 



GHARTS. 



EAST LONGITUDE. 



WEST LONGITUDE. 



I A.M. . 


165 degrees i P.M. 


2 A.M. . 


150 ' 


2 P.M. 


3 A.M. . 


1.35 ' 


3 P.M. 


4 A.M. . 


120 ' 


4 P.M. 


5 A.M. . 


105 ' 


5 P.M. 


6 A.M. . 


90 ' 


6 P.M. 


7 A.M. . 


75 ' 


7 P.M. 


8 A.M. . 


60 ' 


8 P.M. 


9 A.M. . 


• 45 ' 


9 P.M. 


10 A.M. . 


30 ' 


10 P.M. 


II AM. . 


• 15 ' 


II P.M. 


12 M. Polar Lir 


le ' 


12 P.M. 



15 degrees 

30 

45 
60 

75 
90 

120 
135 
150 
165 
180 



NeRTH- WESr CHART. 
JANUARY. 

DAYS. DEGREES. 

Tuesday i 29^ 

Wednesday 2 29^ 

Thursday 3 29 

Friday 4 ... 28^ 

Saturday 5 28^^ 

Sunday 6 28 

Monday 7 27^ 

Tuesday 8 271/^ 

Wednesday 9 27 

Thursday 10 262/^ 

Friday 11.: 26^ 

Saturday . 12 26 

Sunday 13 . . 252^ 

Monday . 14 25^ 

Tuesday 15 25 

Wednesday 16 .... 242^ 

Thursday 17 24^ 

Friday 18 .... 24 

Saturday 19 23^ 

Sunday 20 . . • 23 1/^ 

Monday 21 ... 23 

Tuesday 22 . . 22^ 

Wednesday 23 . 221^ 

Thursday 24 ..22 

Friday 25 21^ 

Saturday ......... 26 21^ 

Sunday 27 21 

Monday 26 20^ 

Tuesday 29 20^ 

Wednesday ....... 30 20 



FEBRUARY. 

DAYS. DEGREES.. 

Thursday 31 19^ 

Friday 32 iQjd 

Saturday 33 19 

Sunday 34 18^: 

Monday 35 i8j/^. 

Tuesday 36 iS 

Wednesday 37 172/^ 

Thursday ;^8 f 7^- 

Friday 39 ... 17 

Saturday 40 16^ 

Sunday 4t 16^. 

Monday 42 16 

Tuesday 43 15^ 

Wednesday 44 15^- 

Thursday 45 15 

Friday 46 14^ 

Saturday 47 14^ 

Sunday 48 14 

Monday 49 13^ 

Tuesday 50 . . i3j^i 

Wednesday 51 13 

Thursday 52 12^; 

Friday 53 12^ 

Saturday 54 12 

Sunday 55 ... 11^ 

Monday 56 iij^. 

Tuesday 57 11 

Wednesday 58 lo^i; 

Thursday ... . • • 59 lo^i 

Friday 60 10 



MARCH. 

DAYS. DEGREES. 

Saturday 6i 9^ 

Sunday 62 g}i 

Monday 63 9 

Tuesday 64 Sfi 

Wednesday 65 8J^ 

Thursday 66 8 

Friday 67 7^ 

Saturday 68 jVs 

Sunday 69 7 

Monday 70 6^ 

Tuesday ......... 71 6ys 

Wednesday 72 . 6 

Thursday 73 5^ 

Friday 74 5>^ 

Saturday 75 5 

Sunday 76 4^ 

Monday 77 4^4 

Tuesday 78 4 

Wednesday 79 3^ 

Thursday 80 3>^ 

Friday 81 3 

Saturday 82 2^ 

Sunday . . 83 2^ 

Monday 84 . . c . . 2 

Tuesday .85 i^s 

Wednesday 86 i}i 

Thursday 87 ... i 

Friday 88 ^ 

Saturday 89 yi 

Sunday 90 o 



APRIL. 

DAYS. DEGREES. 

Monday , ... 91 ys 

Tuesday 92 . fi 

Wednesday 93 i 

Thursday 94 , . i^^ 

Friday 95 1^3 

Saturday 96 2 

Sunday '97 ^V^ 

Monday 98 2^3 

Tuesday 99 3 

Wednesday 100 3^3 

Thursday loi 373 

Friday 102 4 

Saturday 103 4j<3 

Sunday 104 473 

Monday 105 5 

Tuesday to6 5J^ 

Wednesday ... . . 107 57^ 

Thursday 108 .... 6 

Friday 109 . 6)3 

Saturday no 6fi 

Sunday in 7 

Monday . 112... yyi 

Tuesday 113 7^^ 

Wednesday 114 , . . 8 

Thursday . . 115 SVs 

Friday 116 8^3 

Saturday 117 9 

Sunday ti8 9^^ 

Monday 119 9-/3 

Tuesday 120 10 



23 

MAY. 

DAYS. DEGREES. 

Wednesday 121 10^ 

Thursday 122 lofi 

Friday 123 11 

Saturday 124 11^ 

Sunday 125 ii^i 

Monday 126 12 

Tuesday i27..-.., i2j^ 

Wednesday 128 12^3 

Thursday 129 13 

Friday 130 13^ 

Saturday 131 13^3 

Sunday 132 14 

Monday 133 14^ 

Tuesday 134 14^ 

Wednesday 135 15 

Thursday 136 15^^ 

Friday 137 15^3 

Saturday ,. . . . 138 16 

Sunday 139 16^ 

Monday . 140 167^3 

Tuesday 141 17 

Wednesday 142 17^ 

Thursday 143 17^ 

Friday 144 18 

Saturday 145 18^ 

Sunday 146 18^ 

Monday 147 19 

Tuesday 148 .... • 19^ 

Wednesday 149 19^ 

Thursday 150 20 



24 



JUNE. 



Friday . . 
Saturday . 
Sunday . . 
Monday . 
Tuesday . 
Wednesday 
Thursday . 
Friday . . 
Saturday . 
Sunday . . 
Monday . 
Tuesday . 
Wednesday 
Thursday . 
Friday . . 
Saturday . 
Sunday . , 
Monday . 
Tuesday . 
Wednesday 
Thursday . 
Friday . . 
Saturday . 
Sunday . . 
Monday . 
Tuesday . 
Wednesday 
Thursday . 
Friday . . 
Saturday . 



DAYS. DEGREES. 

51 • 20,^/^ 

52 .......... . 2oyz 

53 21 

54 - • 21I/3 

55 • • • 21^3 

56 22 

57 • 22l/^ 

58 222/3 

59 • - 23 

60 23!/^ 

61 232/3 

62 24 

63 241/^ 

64 242/3 

65 25 

66 2513 

67 • 25^3 

68 26 

69 26^ 

70 26^^ 

71 27 

72 271^ 

73 27^ 

74 28 

75 - 28/3 

76 282^ 

77 29 

78 29/3 

79 29^ 

80 30 



SOatR-WEST CRARl. 



JULY. 

DAYS. DEGREES. 

Sunday i 29^ 

Monday ' . , 2 29^ 

Tuesday 3 29 

Wednesday 4 283^ 

Thurbddy 5 . . 28^3 

Friday 6 28 

Saturday 7 27^ 

Sunday 8 27^3 

Monday 9 27 

Tuesday 10 26?/^ 

Wednesday 11 26^4 

Thursday 12 26 

Friday 13 25^1^ 

Saturday 14 , . 25^^ 

Sunday 15 25 

Monday 16 24^3 

Tuesday 17 2zii/^ 

Wednesday 18 24 

Thursday 19 23^3 

Friday 20 : 23^3 

Saturday 21 23 

Sunday 22 22^ 

Monday 23 2 2j/^ 

Tuesday 24 22 

Wednesday 25 21^^ 

Thursday 26 2iys 

Friday 27 21 

Saturday 28 20^ 

Sunday 29 20^/^ 

Monday 30 20 



26 



AUGUST. 

DAYS. DEGREES . 

Tuesday 31 ... 19^ 

Wednesday 32 igys 

Thursday . 33 ... 19 

Friday 34 18^ 

Saturday 35 iS}i 

Sunday . ." 36 ... 18 

Monday 37 ... 17^ 

Tuesday 38 17^ 

Wednesday 39 17 

Thursday 40 16^ 

Friday 41 iSys 

Saturday 42 16 

Sunday 43 152^ 

Monday 44 15^ 

Tuesday 45 15 

Wednesday 46 14^ 

Thursday 47 14^ 

Friday 48 14 

Saturday 49 i^fi 

Sunday . . . . ^ 50 13^^ 

Monday ,. 51 13 

Tuesday 52 12^ 

Wednesday 53 i2}i 

Thursday 54 12 

Friday 55 11^ 

Saturday 56 11^ 

Sunday 57 11 

Monday 58 . 10^ 

Tuesday 59 loj^ 

Wednesday 60 . . 10 



27 

SEPTEMBER. 

DAYS. DEGREES. 

Thursday 6i 9^ 

Friday 62 9^ 

Saturday 6;^ 9 

Sunday 64 8^ 

Monday 65 8^ 

Tuesday 66 8 

Wednesday 67 7^ 

Thursday 6S 7^ 

Friday 69 7 

Saturday 70 6^ 

Sunday 71 6}^ 

Monday 72 ... 6 

Tuesday . . . „ 73 5^ 

Wednesday 74 5^ 

Thursday 75 5 

Friday 76 4/6 

Saturday 77 4^ 

Sunday 78 4 

Monday 79 3^ 

Tuesday 80 3^ 

Wednesday 81 3 

Thursday 82 2^3 

Friday 8;^ 2^ 

Saturday 84 2 

Sunday 85 i^ 

Monday 86 i^ 

Tuesday 87 i 

Wednesday S8 ^ 

Thursday 89 , . . . . yi 

Friday 90 .0 



28 



OCTOBER. 

DAYS. DEGREES. 

Saturday 91 . yi 

Sunday 92 ^ 

Monday 93 i 

Tuesday 94 • . iJ'S 

Wednesday 95 i^ 

Thursday 96 2 

Friday 97 2^ 

Saturday 98 2^^ 

Sunday 99 3 

Monday 100 3/3 

Tuesday 101 3^'5 

Wednesday 102 4 

Thursday 103 4 1/3 

Friday 104 4^ 

Saturday 105 5 

Sunday . 106 5^3 

Monday 107 5^3 

Tuesday 108 6 

Wednesday 109 65^ 

Thursday no 6^3 

Friday in 7 

Saturday 112 7^ 

Sunday 113 7^3 

Monday 114 8 

Tuesday 115 S}i. 

Wednesday 116 8^ 

Thursday 117 9 

Friday iiS gyi 

Saturday 119 g^i- 

Sunday . 120 10 



29 

NOVEMBER. 

DAYS. DEGREES. 

Monday 121 loyi 

Tuesday 122 10^ 

Wednesday 123 11 

Thursday 124 11^; 

Friday 125 11^ 

Saturday 126 12 

Sunday 127 i2j^ 

Monday 128 12^ 

Tuesday 129 13 

Wednesday 130 i3/4 

Thursday 131 13^ 

Friday .132 14 

Saturday 133 14^ 

Sunday 134 14^ 

Monday 135 15 

Tuesday 136 ^5/^ 

Wednesday 137 15^ 

Thursday 138 16 

Friday 139 16^ 

Saturday 140 162/3 

Sunday 141 17 

Monday 142 17^ 

Tuesday 143 17^ 

Wednesday 144 18 

Thursday 145 i8j^, 

Friday 146 18^ 

Saturday 147 19 

Sunday 148 19^ 

Monday 149 19^. 

Tuesday 150 20 



30 

DECEMBER. 

DAYS. DEGREES. 

Wednesday 151 . 20^ 

Thursday 152 20^ 

Friday 153 21 

Saturday 154 ..21^3 

Sunday 155 . 21^ 

Monday 156 ... 22 

Tuesday 157 22j^ 

Wednesday 158 .. , 22^ 

Thursday 159 23 

Friday 160 23^ 

Saturday 161 232/^ 

Sunday 162 24 

Monday 163 24^ 

Tuesday 164 24^ 

Wednesday 165 25 

Thursday 166 2^y3 

Friday 167 . . ., 252^ 

Saturday 168 26 

Sunday 169 26 J/^ 

Monday 170 26^ 

Tuesday 171 27 

Wednesday 172 , 27J/3 

Thursday 173 27^ 

Friday 174 28 

Saturday 175 28 ^^ 

Sunday 176 28^ 

Monday 177 29 

Tuesday 178 29^/^ 

Wednesday 179 29^ 

Thursday 180 30 



LATliaDINAL 



GHARTS. 



NeRTR- VESr GRART, 
JANUARY. 

DAYS. DEGREES. 

Tuesday i 29^ 

Wednesday 2 29^ 

Thursday 3 29 

Friday 4 * 28^ 

Saturday 5 28^ 

Sunday 6 28 

Monday 7 27^ 

Tuesday 8 275^ 

Wednesday 9 27 

Thursday 10 26^ 

Friday 11 . = 26^ 

Saturday 12 26 

Sunday 13 25^ 

Monday 14 25^ 

Tuesday 15 25 

Wednesday 16 24^ 

Thursday 17 24^^ 

Friday 18 .... < 24 

Saturday 19 23^ 

Sunday 20 . . • 23^ 

Monday 21 23 

Tuesday 22 . 22^ 

Wednesday 23 22 Y^ 

Thursday 24 22 

Friday 25 21^ 

Saturday 26 21]^ 

Sunday 27 21 

Monday 28 202^ 

Tuesday 29 20^ 

Wednesday ........ 30 20 



34 

FEBRUARY. 

DAYS. DEGREES. 

Thursday 31 19^ 

Friday 32 ...19^ 

Saturday 33 19 

Sunday 34 . 18^3 

Monday 35 iSys 

Tuesday 36 ... 1 8 

Wednesday . , 37 17^ 

Thursday 38 17^ 

Friday 39 • • 1 7 

Saturday 40 16^ 

Sunday 41 i6ys 

Monday 42 16 

Tuesday 43 15^ 

Wednesday -44 ^sVs 

Thursday . 45 15 

Friday 46 14^ 

Saturday 47 14^^ 

Sunday 48 14 

Monday 49 13^ 

Tuesday -So • ^3^ 

Wednesday * 51 13 

Thursday 52 12^ 

Friday 53 12^ 

Saturday 54 12 

Sunday 55 11^ 

Monday 56 iij/s 

Tuesday 57 11 

Wednesday ... ..... 58 10^ 

Thursday ... . • • 59 10^ 

Friday .60 10 



35 

MARCH. 

DAYS. DEGREES. 

Saturday - . 6i 9^ 

Sunday 62 gVs 

Monday 6^ 9 

Tuesday 64 Sfs 

Wednesday 65 8^ 

Thursday 66 8 

Friday 67 7^ 

Saturday 68 "jVs 

Sunday 69 7 

Monday 70 6fi 

Tuesday ........ 71 ... 6}^ 

Wednesday 72 6 

Thursday 73 5^ 

Friday 74 5>^ 

Saturday 75 5 

Sunday 76 4^ 

Monday 77 4)4 

Tuesday 78 4 

Wednesday 79 3^ 

Thursday 80 ^ys 

Friday 81 3 

Saturday 82 ... • 2^ 

Sunday S;^ 2j^ 

Monday 84 2 

Tuesday 85 i^ 

Wednesday 86 lyi 

Thursday 87 i 

Friday 8S ^ 

Saturday 89 ^ 

Sunday 90 o 



36 

APRIL. 

DAYS, DEGKEES, 

Monday 91 J^ 

Tuesday ........ 92 ... ^ 

Wednesday 93 .1 

Thursday . ....... 94 ... » . ij^ 

Friday ..,..,.... 95 ifi 

Saturday 96 2 

Sunday ......... 97 . 2^/^ 

Monday 98 2^ 

Tuesday 99 3 

Wednesday . loa . , . 3^/^ 

Thursday loi 3^ 

Friday 102 4 

Saturday 103 4j^ 

Sunday . . . 104 4^^ 

Monday 105 5 

Tuesday ......... to6 51^ 

Wednesday .... . . 107 5^ 

Thursday 108 6 

Friday 109 ... 6yz 

Saturday no . . . .* 6fi 

Sunday ..in 7 

Monday 112 7/3 

Tuesday 113 7^ 

Wednesday 114 ...8 

Thursday 115 ^Y^ 

Friday 116 8^.^ 

Saturday 117 9 

Sunday ti8 g}i 

Monday 119 9^ 

Tuesday 120 10 



37 

MAY, 

DAYS. DEGREES. 

Wednesday 121 loyi 

Thursday 122 10^3 

Friday 123 11 

Saturday 124 iij^ 

Sunday 125 ii^i 

Monday 126 . 12 

Tuesday 127..- i2i<5 

Wednesday 128 12^3 

Thursday 129 13 

Friday 130 13^^ 

Saturday 131 13^ 

Sunday 132 14 

Monday 133 14^ 

Tuesday 134 14^3 

Wednesday 135 15 

Thursday 136 15^ 

Friday 137 . 15^ 

Saturday 138 16 

Sunday 139 iGyi 

Monday 140 16^3 

Tuesday 141 17 

Wednesday 142 17^3 

Thursday 143 17^ 

Friday 144 18 

Saturday 145 18^ 

Sunday 146 18^ 

Monday 147 19 

Tuesday 148 19^5^ 

Wednesday 149 19^ 

Thursday 150 20 



38 

JUNE. 

DAYS. DEGREES. 

Friday . 151 20^^ 

Saturday 152 20^ 

Sunday 153 21 

Monday 154 . 2iJ^ 

Tuesday 155 21^ 

Wednesday 156 22 

Thursday 157 22^ 

Friday 158 22^3 

Saturday 159 23 

Sunday 160 23^ 

Monday 161 23^ 

Tuesday 162 24 

Wednesday 163 24j<3 

Thursday 164 . r 24^3 

Friday 165 25 

Saturday 166 25^ 

Sunday 167 25^ 

Monday 168 26 

Tuesday 169 26^ 

Wednesday 170 26^ 

Thursday 171 27 

Friday 172 27^^ 

Saturday 173 27^ 

Sunday 174 28 

Monday 175 28^ 

Tuesday 176 28^ 

Wednesday 177 29 

Thursday 178 2914 

Friday 179 29^ 

Saturday 180 ... .^ 30 



SQ^jTR -WEST G RART. 
JULY. 

DAYS. DEGREES. 

Sunday . i 29^ 

Monday 2 29^ 

Tuesday 3 29 

Wednesday 4 28^ 

Thursday 5 28^^ 

Friday . . '. 6 28 

Saturday 7 277^ 

Sunday 8 27^^ 

Monday 9 27 

Tuesday 10 26fi 

Wednesday 11 26y3 

Thursday 12 26 

Friday 13 25^ 

Saturday 14 25 j^ 

Sunday 15 25 

Monday 16 24^ 

Tuesday 17 24^ 

Wednesday 18 24 

Thursday 19 23^ 

Friday 20 23^/^ 

Saturday 21 23 

Sunday 22 22^ 

Monday 23 22^ 

Tuesday 24 22 

Wednesday 25 2i^i 

Thursday 26 21^ 

Friday 27 21 

Saturday 28 20^ 

Sunday 29 20^ 

Monday 30 .20 



40 



AUGUST. 

PAYS. DEGREES. 

Tuesday 31 ... 192^ 

Wednesday 32 ........... . 19^3 

Thursday ^^ 19 

Friday 34 182^ 

Saturday 35 iSyi 

Sunday 36 ..... 18 

Monday 37 ... 172^ 

Tuesday ^S 17^ 

Wednesday 39 17 

Thursday 40 16^ 

Friday 41 16^3 

Saturday 42 16 

Sunday . 43 ic;^ 

Monday 44 151^ 

Tuesday 45 15 



'3 



Wednesday 46 14 

Thursday 47 141^ 

Friday 48 14 

Saturday 49 132^ 

Sunday 50 13^ 

Monday 51 13 

Tuesday 52 12^ 

Wednesday . 53 i2}i 

Thursday 54 12 

Friday • • • • • 55 n^ 

Saturday 56 11^ 

Sunday •57 ......11 

Monday 58 10^ 

Tuesday 59 10 ys 

Wednesday 60 .... 10 



41 

SEPTEMBER. 

DAYS. DEGREES, 

Thursday 6i . . 9^ 

Friday 62 gyi 

Saturday 63 9 

Sunday 64 8^ 

Monday 65 8^ 

Tuesday 66 8 

Wednesday 67 7^ 

Thursday 6S ,. 7}^ 

Friday 69 . 7 

Saturday 70 6^ 

Sunday 71 6^ 

Monday 72 6 

Tuesday . . . , 73 • • • • • • 5/^ 

Wednesday 74 S^. 

Thursday ..... ... 75 5 

Friday ... ... ... 76 4/^ 

Saturday 77 4ji 

Sunday 78 4 

Monday 79 3^ 

Tuesday 80 3j^ 

Wednesday 81 3 

Thursday 82 2^/3 

Friday 83 2^ 

Saturday 84 2 

Sunday 85 ... , i^ 

Monday S6 lyi 

Tuesday 87 i 

Wednesday 88 ^ 

Thursday 89 yi 

Friday 90 • • . • o 



42 

OCTOBER. 

DAYS. DEGREES. 

Saturday 91 j^ 

Sunday 92 ^ 

Monday 93 i 

Tuesday 94 ^ys 

Wednesday 95 . . i^ 

Thursday 96 ... 2 

Friday 97 2^ 

Saturday 98 2^ 

Sunday 99 3 

Monday 100 31/^ 

Tuesday loi 3^ 

Wednesday 102 4 

Thursday 103 41^ 

Friday 104 4^ 

Saturday 105 5 

Sunday 106 ' 51^ 

Monday 107 52^ 

Tuesday 108 6 

Wednesday 109 6^ 

Thursday no 6^/3 

Friday .111 7 

Saturday 112 jyi 

Sunday 113 .. , 7^ 

Monday 114 8 

Tuesday 115 8^ 

Wednesday 116 8^ 

Thursday 117 9 

Friday 118 gys 

Saturday 119 gfi 

Sunday 120 ... 10 



43 

NOVEMBER. 



DEGREES. 



Monday 121 . ! loys 

Tuesday 122 107^ 

Wednesday 123 11 

Tnursday 124 ... 11 ys 

Friday 125 11^ 

Saturday 126 12 

Sunday 127 12)^ 

Monday 128 12^ 

Tuesday 129 13 

Wednesday 130 ... 13^^ 

Thursday 131 13^ 

Friday 132 14 

Saturday 133 14^ 

Sunday 134 . i4/^ 

Monday 135 15 

Tuesday 136 15^ 

Wednesday 137 15^ 

Thursday 138 16 

Friday 139 i6j^ 

Saturday 140 16^ 

Sunday 141 17 

Monday 142 17^ 

Tuesday 143 17^ 

Wednesday 144 18 

Thursday 145 i8j^ 

Friday 146 18^ 

Saturday 147 19 

Sunday 148 19^ 

Monday 149 19^ 

Tuesday 150 . 20 



44 

DECEMBER. 

DAYS. DEGREES. 

Wednesday 151 .......... . 20^ 

Thursday 152 20^ 

Friday 153 21 

Saturday 154 . 2iJ^ 

Sunday 155 21^ 

Monday 156 22 

Tuesday 157 22^^ 

Wednesday 158 22^ 

Thursday 159 23 

Friday 160 23^ 

Saturday 161 23^ 

Sunday 162 24 

Monday 163 24^ 

Tuesday 164 24^ 

Wednesday 165 25 

Thursday 166 25 1/^ 

Friday 167 25^ 

Saturday . 168 26 

Sunday 169 26yi 

Monday 170 .. 26^ 

Tuesday 171 2 7 

Wednesday 172 27 J^ 

Thursday -173 27^ 

Friday 174 28 

Saturday 175 28 J^ 

Sunday 176 28^ 

Monday 177 29 

Tuesday 178 29^/^ 

Wednesday 179 29^ 

Thursday 180 30 



IRC ^felN':^ > 

For one minute is equal to 


/CL 


2WI; 


/ll ' 


1 6^ miles 


For two '' 








• 33y3 " 


For three ** 








50 


For four *' 








. 66/3 " 


For five *^ 








ssVi " 


For six '^ 








. 100 " 


For seven ^^ 








. 116^ " 


For eight ^' 








133^ " 


For nine '^ 








. ISO 


For ten ^' 








. 166^3 " 


For eleven '' 








. 183^ " 


For twelve " 








. 200 " 


For thirteen '* 








. 216^ " 


For fourteen ^* 








. 233>^ " 


For fifteen ** 








• 250 " 


For sixteen '^ 








2662^ " 


For seventeen *^ 








283^^ " 


For eighteen *' 








300 " 


For nineteen '^ 








. 316^3 " 


For twenty ** 








• 333>^ " 


For twenty-one '' 








350 


For twenty-two *^ 








. S^^fi •* 


For twenty-three *' 








383^3 " 


For twenty-four ^^ 








. 400 " 


For twenty-five <^ 








416^ " 


For twenty-six ^' 








■ 433>^ " 


For twenty-seven ^' 








450 " 


For twenty-eight ^^ 








466^ " 


For twenty-nine ^' 








483^^ '' 


For thirty '^ 








503 


and for every minute exceeding thirty add i6^ miles, which 


will give the distance east or west 


longi 


tude. 







.N P. 




DIAGRAM A. 



N P., 




5.P 

DIAGRAM B. 




5P 



DIAGRAM C. 



